The Interaction of Antiviral Drugs with SARS-Cov-2 3CL Protease

SARS COV2 is one of the most destructive pandemics the world has faced and led to extreme economic losses. For its clinical therapy, SARS-COV-2 3CL Protease (3CLpro) is considered a target because of its crucial role in replication. Inhibition of this 3CLpro can lead to a decrease in viral load and infection. Different studies used various compounds and tested their inhibiting activity. Among them, flavonoids, serine derivatives, Chalcones, and alpha-keto amides were proven to have inhibitory effects. Many in-vitro tests were done to check the binding and inhibition abilities of such compounds. In vivo, some studies are done, but more is needed to prove this discovery. As far as research is concerned, therapeutic drugs against COVID-19 can be made by using such inhibitors. More in vivo studies and animal model experimentation should be done to confirm the findings.Copyright © 2022 Wolters Kluwer Medknow Publications. All rights reserved.

The Interaction of Antiviral Drugs with SARS-Cov-2 3CL Protease

SARS COV2 is one of the most destructive pandemics the world has faced and led to extreme economic losses. For its clinical therapy, SARS-COV-2 3CL Protease (3CLpro) is considered a target because of its crucial role in replication. Inhibition of this 3CLpro can lead to a decrease in viral load and infection. Different studies used various compounds and tested their inhibiting activity. Among them, flavonoids, serine derivatives, Chalcones, and alpha-keto amides were proven to have inhibitory effects. Many in-vitro tests were done to check the binding and inhibition abilities of such compounds. In vivo, some studies are done, but more is needed to prove this discovery. As far as research is concerned, therapeutic drugs against COVID-19 can be made by using such inhibitors. More in vivo studies and animal model experimentation should be done to confirm the findings.

Sars-Cov-2 3cl-Protease Inhibitors as Antiviral Agents against Covid-19

The SARS-CoV-2 virus causes coronavirus, and the pandemic has led to efforts to develop appropriate drugs for treatment. Understanding the structure and function of SARS-CoV-2 3CL is crucial in unlocking ways of developing effective drugs. Some studies have described the structure of the protease at the DNA and protein levels. Notably, two important proteases help in the drug development process: PLpro and 3CLpro. The 3CLpro, for instance, is helpful in viral replication alongside transcription. The PL is associated with NsP3, a multi-domain protein part of the viral replication and transcription complex which cleaves peptide bonds at specific sites. In vitro studies have shown that SARS-CoV-2 3CL-protease inhibitors can contribute to antiviral drug development, especially MG-132, boceprevir, telaprevir, and calpain, which are protein inhibitors with lethal dose values appropriate for drug development. In contrast, there are very limited studies in vivo reporting the appropriateness of protease inhibitors in antiviral drug development. Copyright © 2022 The Authors. Published by Innovare Academic Sciences Pvt Ltd.

Apigenin inhibits infectious bronchitis virus replication in ovo

OBJECTIVE: Infectious bronchi-tis virus (IBV), for which no effective drugs are available, is among the most important causes of economic loss within the poultry industry. Apigenin is a flavonoid that can be isolated from plants. Apigenin has low toxicity with anti-viral activity. However, the effects of apigenin against IBV remain unclear. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thus, here we investigate the anti-viral effect of apigenin on IBV using 10 day-old embryonated eggs by determining the virus titer by embryo infective doses50 (EID50/mL) and determining IBV genomes copy number (per mu L) of allantoic fluid. RESULTS: We found that apigenin protected embryonated eggs from IBV. Additionally, apigenin reduced the log titer of the IBV with a significant correlation of up to 9.4 times at 2 mu g/ egg. Also, apigenin appears to significantly re-duce IBV genomes copy number (per mu L) in the allantoic fluid. CONCLUSIONS: Apigenin may be a promising approach for the treatment of IBV, since it protects embryonated eggs from IBV in ovo and suppresses viral replication.

OMICRON SARS-CoV-2 VARIANT, B.1.1.529: SEVERITY, TRANSMISSION, MUTATION, AND EFFICACY OF CURRENT VACCINES

The Omicron variant (B.1.1.529) is a variant of SARS-CoV-2 with more than 50 mutations;this led to increase transmissibility or lead to immune escape. Therefore, WHO predicts it to be more dangerous than the previous variant, although it is not as severe as the previous variant. This review aims to provide an overview of SARS-CoV-2 symptoms, severity, mutations, and the effectiveness of treatments and vaccines against this novel coronavirus, as well as the effectiveness of current diagnostic tests.

Synthesis, role in antibacterial, antiviral, and hazardous effects of silver nanoparticles

Viral pathogen infections pose a major global health challenge: the emergence of bacteria and strains of viruses that are resistant to conventional antibiotics and antivirals, and undesirable side effects due to their long-term use, are slowing the use of many antiviral therapies. As a potentially useful tool in the prevention of various pathogens, silver nanoparticles have already demonstrated their potential as an effective antiviral agent thanks to their unique physical and chemical properties. Silver nanoparticles offer an excellent opportunity for new antiviral therapies as they can attack a wide variety of viruses. It has been suggested that AgNPs induces reactive oxygen species and free radicals that induce apoptosis, which leads to cell death and prevents cell replication and cell wall destruction, and smaller nanoparticles have also been shown to be more toxic than larger particles. The toxicity of AgNP depends on the size, concentration, pH of the medium and the duration of exposure to the pathogen. This review examines the antimicrobial mechanisms, deleterious effects, and synthesis of AgNPs.

Antibiotic stewardship in ICU during covid-19

Antibiotic resistance rates and illnesses caused by antibiotic-resistant organisms are on the rise. Antimicrobial overuse and misuse, as well as the need to optimize antimicrobial usage, are key contributors to resistance development. Although bacterial coinfection rates were modest in coronavirus illness, antibiotic consumption rates were relatively high. 2019 Antibiotic stewardship programs (ASPs) attempt to improve patient outcomes, reduce hospital costs, and avoid antibiotic resistance by optimizing antimicrobial prescribing patterns. Clinicians may be directed to administer antibiotics based on the presentation of patients with severe coronavirus illness in 2019. Because primary evidence implies that bacterial infection is uncommon in COVID 19, antibiotic selection through COVID 19 may promote antibiotic resistance. As a result, it's critical to keep antimicrobial stewardship initiatives going. The widespread use of antibiotics in the ICU has significant ecological consequences, promoting the spread of multidrug-resistant bacteria (MDRB) in this setting. As a result, the main goals of AMS programs in the ICU are to improve infection control and reduce AMR during the pandemic. Antibiotic resistance rates and illnesses caused by antibiotic-resistant organisms are on the rise. Antimicrobial overuse and misuse, as well as the need to optimize antimicrobial usage, are key contributors to resistance development. The number of people who used antibiotics was extremely significant. © 2021, SILAE (Italo-Latin American Society of Ethnomedicine). All rights reserved.

Antibiotic Misuse during COVID-19 Pandemic: Review Study

The beginning of the year 2019 has changed the face of the world as it was noticeable emergence of Corona Virus disease (COVID-19). This virus has spread to cover almost all the nations of the world as well as, and has paralyzed every sector even detailed life of people whom have been required compulsory to stay at home in incarceration. There have been a lot of studies that have required to investigate the effect of this pandemic from different standpoints, and to analyze the medications being applied especially the misuse of antibiotics of different categories, and which have been although many studies found that weak managing of the antibiotic and misusing it has resulted into catastrophic results,as ensured many researchers throughout the worl d. Thus the WHO has informed the governments that misuse of the antibiotic might be like “pouring the oil on the fire”,and there is a prerequisite to get antibiotic use to be managed well according to the results that this review has reached by studying several reports and studies carried out by distinguished researchers throughout the globe, and to investigate how using antibiotic to effectively be governed. However, this study will pay attention to how the antibiotic has been misused during the pandemic in many countries. The objective of this review is to learn more about researches carried out on the misuse of antibiotic during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Assessment of anxiety level and sleep quality of medical staff treating patients with COVID-19.

OBJECTIVE: Worldwide transmission of the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) and related morbidity and mortality has presented a global challenge for several reasons. One such underrecognized and unaddressed aspect is the emotional health problems that medical staff have developed during this pandemic. The purpose of this one-month study was to examine anxiety levels and sleep quality of 100 medical staff members who worked in medical clinics treating COVID-19 patients in Saudi hospitals and to investigate the association of both anxiety levels and sleep quality with age, sex, and distinctive demographics. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We investigated anxiety levels and sleep quality of 100 medical staff members (age range 20-60 years) who worked in medical clinics treating COVID-19 patients in Saudi hospitals and the association of both anxiety levels and sleep quality with age, sex, and distinctive demographics. Anxiety levels and sleep quality were measured using the Self-Rating Anxiety Scale and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (SAS and PSQI, respectively). RESULTS: A significant increment in anxiety and poor sleep quality was found in medical staff caring for COVID-19 patients. Anxiety levels in females were higher than males; however, poor sleep quality was somewhat higher in males vs. females but did not vary between age groups. Age was significantly negatively correlated with anxiety symptoms; individuals < 40 years old vs. ≥ 40 had more significant anxiety levels. We observed that medical staff with top-level salaries demonstrated a significant correlation (p = 0.028) between poor sleep quality and ill effects vs. those who had lower pay rates. A correlation between income and anxiety was not found. CONCLUSIONS: The higher the probability and intensity of exposure to coronavirus patients, the more noteworthy the danger that medical staff will experience the ill effects of mental issues.

Sauchinone with zinc sulphate significantly inhibits the activity of sars-cov-2 3cl-protease

Coronavirus-2019 (COVID-2019), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has been declared a pandemic due to its global threats to public health and resulting economic losses. Currently, no specific and effective antivirals for SARS-CoV-2 infection exist. Despite the development of vaccines, the high transformation rate of the COVID-19 infection have dictated that an finding an effective treatment is urgent. The 3CL protease plays an essential role in viral replication;therefore, it is recognized as an attractive drug discovery target. In this study, we investigated sauchinone and the combination of sauchinone/Zn-II as potential inhibitory agents against 3CL-Protease activity. The 3CL Protease Assay Kit was used to determine 3CL protease activity. A commercial tetrazolium MTS assay kit was used to determine cytotoxicity. Sauchinone produced a dose-dependent inhibitory effect on 3CL protease with a half inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 4.325 µM. Zinc sulphate monohydrate (2 mg/mL) demonstrated an additive and inhibitory effect of 2.02-fold when used in combination with sauchinone against 3CL-protease activity when compared with the effects of 5 μM sauchinone against 3CL-protease activity with a significant inhibitory activity (p < 0.001). Cytotoxicity was not observed for either 30 µM sauchione or sauchinone (30 µM)/Zn-II (4 mg/mL). Our findings may provide important information for the optimization and design of more potent inhibitors against the 3CL-protease to be used as potential antiviral agents against COVID-19.

Punicalagin and zinc (II) ions inhibit the activity of SARS-CoV-2 3CL-protease in vitro.

OBJECTIVE: Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) has now been declared as a worldwide pandemic. Currently, no drugs have been endorsed for its treatment; in this manner, a pressing need has been developed for any antiviral drugs that will treat COVID-19. Coronaviruses require the SARS-CoV-2 3CL-Protease (3CL-protease) for cleavage of its polyprotein to yield a single useful protein and assume a basic role in the disease progression. In this study, we demonstrated that punicalagin, the fundamental active element of pomegranate in addition to the combination of punicalagin with zinc (Zn) II, appear to show powerful inhibitory activity against SARS-CoV-2. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The 3CL protease assay kit was used to quantify 3CL protease action. The tetrazolium dye, MTS, was used to evaluate cytotoxicity. RESULTS: Punicalagin showed inhibitory action against the 3CL-protease in a dose-dependent manner, and IC50 was found to be 6.192 µg/ml for punicalagin. Punicalagin (10 µg/mL) demonstrated a significant inhibitory activity toward 3CL-protease activity (p < 0.001), yet when punicalagin is combined with zinc sulfate monohydrate (punicalagin/Zn-II) extremely strong 3CL-protease activity (p < 0.001) was obtained. The action of 3CL-protease with punicalagin/Zn-II was decreased by approximately 4.4-fold in contrast to only punicalagin (10 µg/mL). Likewise, we did not notice any significant cytotoxicity caused by punicalagin, Zn-II, or punicalagin/Zn-II. CONCLUSIONS: We suggest that these compounds could be used as potential antiviral drugs against COVID-19.

SARS-CoV2 virus and coronavirus disease (COVID-19)

SARS-COV2 virus causes Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and represents the causative agent of a potentially fatal disease that is of great global public health concern. The novel coronavirus (2019) was discovered in 2019 in Wuhan, the market of the wet animal, China with viral pneumonia cases and is life-threatening. Today, WHO announces COVID-19 outbreak as a pandemic. COVID-19 is likely to be zoonotic. It is transmitted from bats as intermediary animals to human. Also, the virus is transmitted from human to human who is in close contact with others. The computerized tomographic chest scan is usually abnormal even in those with no symptoms or mild disease. Treatment is nearly supportive;the role of antiviral agents is yet to be established. The SARS-COV2 virus spreads faster than its two ancestors, the SARS-CoV and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), but has lower fatal-ity. In this article, we aimed to summarize the transmission, symptoms, patho-genesis, diagnosis, treatment, and vaccine to control the spread of this fatal disease.